Action of sodium deoxycholate on subcutaneous human tissue: local and systemic effects. The bile acid-sensitive ion channel (BASIC) is activated by alterations of its membrane environment. Membranolytic activity of bile salts: influence of biological membrane properties and composition. The specificity of bile salts in the intestinal absorption of micellar cholesterol in the rat. Characterization of bile acid absorption across the unstirred water layer and brush border of the rat jejunum. Effects of glyco- and tauro-cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids on lymphatic absorption of micellar cholesterol and sitosterol in rats. Feeding natural hydrophilic bile acids inhibits intestinal cholesterol absorption: studies in the gallstone-susceptible mouse. Influence of bile salt, pH, and time on the action of pancreatic lipase physiological implications. Microbiome remodelling leads to inhibition of intestinal farnesoid X receptor signalling and decreased obesity. Intestine-selective farnesoid X receptor inhibition improves obesity-related metabolic dysfunction. Bile acid alterations are associated with insulin resistance, but not with NASH, in obese subjects. Intestine farnesoid X receptor agonist and the gut microbiota activate G-protein bile acid receptor-1 signaling to improve metabolism. Abolished synthesis of cholic acid reduces atherosclerotic development in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Loss of Cyp8b1 improves glucose homeostasis by increasing GLP-1. Higher circulating bile acid concentrations in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Inverse correlation between reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatographic mobilities and micellar cholesterol-solubilizing capacities. The hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance of bile salts. Quantitative estimation of the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of mixed bile salt solutions. Physicochemical properties of bile acids and their relationship to biological properties: an overview of the problem. Synthesis of lithocholic acid sulfates and their identification in human bile. Bile acid sulfation: a pathway of bile acid elimination and detoxification. The SLCO (former SLC21) superfamily of transporters. Analysis of the human tissue-specific expression by genome-wide integration of transcriptomics and antibody-based proteomics. 41 (eds Said, H.M., Ghishan, F.K., Kaunitz, J.D., Merchant, J.L. in Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract 6th edn Ch. Intestinal transport and metabolism of bile acids. The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in mammals: form and functions. In this Review, we highlight the mechanisms by which BAs regulate glucose homeostasis and the settings in which endogenous BAs are altered, and provide suggestions for future research. We now also have an appreciation of the range of physiological, pathophysiological and therapeutic conditions in which endogenous BAs are altered, raising the possibility that BAs contribute to the effects of these conditions on glycaemia. Since that time, BAs have been shown to act through multiple receptors (PXR, VDR, TGR5 and S1PR2), as well as to have receptor-independent mechanisms (membrane dynamics, allosteric modulation of N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D). However, it was not until 1999 that BAs were discovered to be endogenous ligands for the nuclear receptor FXR. BAs were well known for their requirement in dietary lipid absorption and biliary cholesterol secretion, due to their micelle-forming properties. Of all the novel glucoregulatory molecules discovered in the past 20 years, bile acids (BAs) are notable for the fact that they were hiding in plain sight.
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